Raising interest MAWAR

Roses are herbaceous plants such as ornamental flowers with thorny stems. Roses roses flowers known name or the "Queen of Flowers" is a religious symbol or emblem of life in human civilization. Roses originated from mainland China, the Middle East and Eastern Europe. In the development, widespread in temperate regions (sub-tropical) and hot (tropical).

PLANT SPECIES
In plant systematics (taxonomy), roses diklasifasikan as follows:
Kingdom: Plantae
Division: spermatophytes
Sub Division: Angiospermae
Class: Dicotyledonae
Order: Rosanales
Family: Rosaceae
Genus: Rosa
Species: Rosa damascena Mill., R. multiflora Thunb., R. hybrida Hort., and others.

In Indonesia, developing various types of hybrid roses from Holland (the Netherlands). Roses are many interested persons are the type and Medium Hybrid Tea, has quite a lot of flower color variation, from white to red and a high productivity level: 120-280 bud bunga/m2 / year.

Varieties of hybrid roses (Hybrid Tea) which has been planted in Indonesia by PT. Plantation Mangkurajo is: coctail, Diplomat, Idole, Jacaranda, Laminuette, Osiana, Pareo, Samorai, Sonate de Meilland, Sonia, Sonia Sweet, Tineke, Vivaldi, White Success and Yonina. While roses are the type of medium, among others, Golden Times, Jaguar, Sissel, Laser, and Kiss. The advantage of hybrid varieties of roses are durable and attractive colors. Stemmed roses Hybrid Tea type flowers 80-120 cm, 40-60 cm Medium type.

Some rose varieties are recommended introductions in lowland: Cemelot, Frad Winds, Mr. Lincoln, and the Golden Lustee as a cut flower roses. While the varieties of Folk Song, Khatherina Zeimet, Woborn Abbey and Cimacan Salem for garden plants.

3. BENEFITS OF PLANTS
1) ornamental plants in parks / open pages (out doors).
2) ornamental plants in pots and penyemarak pengindah living room or hallway.
3) are used as flower pollen at a state ceremony or ritual traditions.
4) extracted oil as perfume ingredients or drugs (on a scale of research in Puslitbangtri).

4. INVESTMENT CENTER

Regional centers are concentrated in the region rose plants of Alaska or Siberia, India, North Africa and Indonesia. Sentra planting cut flowers, potted plants and sow in Indonesia resulting from the regions of West Java, North Sumatra, Central Java, East Java and Jakarta.

5. TERMS growth

5.1. Climate
1.The wind does not affect the growth of roses.
2. Rainfall for good growth of roses is 1500-3000 mm / year. Requires 5-6 hours of sunlight per day. In the area enough sunshine, roses will be diligent and faster trunked flowering and sturdy. Morning sunlight is better than afternoon sun, which causes the drying plants.
3. Plant roses have a very wide adaptability to the environment grows, it can be grown in temperate regions / sub-tropical regions and in the summer / tropical. Cool air temperature 18-26 degrees C and humidity of 70-80%.

5.2. Planting media
1.Planting is done directly on the land permanently in the garden or in pots. Plant roses suitable on sandy clay (clay content 20-30%), fertile, friable, many organic materials, good aeration and drainage.
2. On the ground latosol andosol which has physical properties and soil fertility is good enough.
3. The ideal soil acidity is pH = 5.5 to 7.0. In acid soil (pH 5.0) need liming Dolomite lime, Calcit atupun Zeagro dose 4-5 tons / hectare.
Giving lime aims to raise soil pH, add the elements Ca and Mg, improve the lives of microorganisms, improving the nodule-root nodules, reduce toxicity of Fe, Mn, and Al, as well as increasing the availability of P and Mo unsurunsur. Porous soil is badly needed by the roots of roses.

5.3. Altitude Venue
Roses grow well at:

1. Altitude 560-800 m asl, the minimum air temperature 16-18 degrees C and a maximum of 28-30 degrees C.

2. Altitude 1100 m asl, the minimum air temperature 14-16 degrees C, maximum 24-27 degrees C.

3. Altitude 1400 m asl, the minimum air temperature from 13.7 to 15.6 degrees C and a maximum of 19.5 to 22.6 degrees C.

In tropical areas like Indonesia, the plants can grow and productive roses blooming in the lowlands to high (mountain) on average 1500 m above sea level.

6. CULTURE GUIDELINES

6.1. Seed Breeding Requirements

In order for seeds to grow well, select healthy seeds by entering into the water (which both will drown, which floats discarded).

Seed Preparation

Preparation stages of seed plants from seed:

a) The selection of fruit - Choose fruit rose from the parent plants which have flowered and the kind of superior productive as you wish.

- Pick fruit that is ripe selected roses (cooked) in a tree.

b) Treatment After ripening - Prepare media in the form of seeding berhumus and sandy soil (1:1).

- Enter the (fill in) the media into the tub seedbed or container that is practical and feasible to use for the seedling.

- Flush with clean water seeding media until quite wet (humid).

- Embed the fruit of roses one by one into the media were buried deep enough seedlings to 0.5 to 1.0 cm.

- Allow the roses to fruit rot on the outer skin of the humid conditions of the media, beraerasi good, and the air temperature around 5 degrees C. Time needed to ripening After treatment ranged from 50-270 days (depending on the type of rose).

Seeds Seeding Techniques

a) Take the (lift) rose seeds from fruits that have been rotting in the seedling media.

b) Select the seeds of good roses, are pithy who drowned when put into water

c) Rinse with clean water rose seeds.

d) Drain the seeds of selected roses quiet place to be planted in nursery tanks.

e) Semaikan roses seed evenly according to the distance between rows and rows 50-10 cm. Seeds will germinate at the age of four weeks after sowing.

Maintenance Seeding / Seeding

a) Pour the rose nursery media continuously 1-2 times a day.

b) Wean (perjarang) seedlings are big enough roses in a small poly bag is already filled with a mixture of soil, sand and organic manure (1:1:1).

Seed removal

Move the seedlings planted roses that have been aged 22 months to the gardens / planting place fixed (permanent).

6.2. Media Processing Plant

Place planting roses can be done in the garden area, garden and in pots. Procedures for preparing land for somewhat different from the rose garden in pots / poly bags. Preparation

a) Preparation of land garden / park - Land to the garden / park land selected roses loose, fertile and receive direct sunlight (open).

- Clean the location of the garden from a wild grass / gravel.

b) Preparation of the media in a pot - your destination growing media in the form of fertile soil, organic fertilizer (manure, compost, TW Super Plus) and sand. Mixed media composition soil, manure, compost and sand, 1:1:1. Soil mixture with 6:1 ratio of Super Plus TW.

- Provide a pot that size is adjusted with the size of the rose plant. The best pots are pots made of soil material and not painted.

- Prepare other supporting materials such as brick or tile fragments or charcoal. These materials can function as a sucker of excess water (drainage) and facilitate any transfer of plants into pots or planting a new place.

c) Filling the planting media into the pot - pot holes Association for the excess water.

- Dampen a pot with enough water to wet.

- Fill in the fractions of red bricks / tiles / charcoal at the base of ± 1 cm-thick pot until the third part of the pot, the water drainage hole in the bottom of the pot should not clogged.

- Load the litter (humus) ± 1cm thick evenly over the layer of red bricks / tiles.

- Fill in the growing media mixture of soil, sand and manure / compost (1:1:1) or a mixture of soil with organic fertilizer TW Super Plus (6:1) plus a little ash kitchen. Charging the media until 90% full, or 0.5 to 1.0 cm below the upper limit of the pot surface. Pots ready for planting seeds (plants) of roses.

Land Opening

a) Land hoe / ± 30 cm deep plowed until crumbly.

b) Allow the soil for 15-30 days dikeringanginkan to mature and free from toxic gases.

Formation bedengan

Create a bed-size bed with a width of 100-120 cm, height 30 cm, 30-40 cm spacing between beds, and length depending on state land. When the rose garden will be designed asymmetrically, then the preparation of land made bentukbentuk desired, for example circular (round) or guludan-guludan which is compatible with the surrounding environment.

Fertilization

Organic fertilizer (manure / compost) 20-30 tons / hectare or Super Plus TW 4-5 tons / ha allotted evenly distributed and mixed with the soil, adjusting the land (bed). Organic fertilizer with the inserted (loaded) into the planting hole average of 1-2 kg / plant.

6.3. Planting Technique Determination of Planting Pattern

Make the planting hole at a distance of 60 × 60 cm or 70 × 70 cm, depending on the type of roses and the soil fertility.

Planting Hole Preparation

To create a curved hole in order to obtain the necessary spade-shaped cylindrical hole. Hole size 45 × 45 × 45 cm. The depth of the well that is when the plant is placed in the hole, the position of the main branch (bud union) is located parallel to the ground surface. Root roses can not penetrate the soil too deeply, it is not necessary to dig the soil too deeply, just 45-55 cm.

At the time of making the hole in the surface soil (top soil), sub-soil is collected separately, it will be used to cover the hole again. When the area was covered with grass, should be taken in the form of slabs and placed in the shade, for use as fertilizer, to enter it into the hole. Plate is placed upside-down grass. Top soil mixed with organic materials (such as compost, green manure, animal manure and so forth) the comparison of four parts soil and one part organic material. Ditimbuni hole sub-soil mixed with organic material (in total more than the mix for the top soil) and super phosphate (can also use bone meal) 20%. The number of super phosphate 1,5-2 singk per 10 m2 of land, 1.5 to 3 kg of bone meal per 10 m2. Hole filled with top soil and organic material to form a mound.

Investment mode

When planting roses are at the beginning of the rainy season (when the state of water is adequate can be done throughout the season / year. Crops are planted roses in the form of seeds cabutan (without soil), and seedlings from polybags.

How to planting roses cabutan:

a) Unloading of rose seedlings from nurseries in cabutan.

b) Cut some stems and branches, leaving 20-25 cm in order to plant a shrub habitus (short).

c) Cut some of the roots with sharp pruning shears and sterile.

d) Soak seeds in water or in solution of the rose plant growth regulator (growth hormone) as Dekamon 1-2 cc / liter for 15-30 minutes.

e) Planting seeds of roses in the middle of the planting hole and spread roots arranged in all directions. Fill (embankment) with the soil to limit stem base of the neck.

f) Padatkan soil around the plant stem roses slowly so akarakarnya can direct contact with ground water.

g) Flush the soil around the roots of plants until wet.

h) Place the temporary shelter of woven bamboo or other materials to protect the plants from the scorching sun rose in the afternoon.

Planting seeds of roses from different polybag cabutan planting roses. Rose seedlings from polybags dipindahtanamkan completely with soil and roots. Procedures for planting roses from the polybags are as follows:

a) Pour media in polybags containing the seeds of roses until quite wet.

b) Remove the polybag and then reverse the position with a bend-bend to the bottom of rose seedlings with soil and roots were removed (out) from the polybag. When a large poly bag, then spending rose seeds can tear or cut through the poly bag.

c) Embed rose seedlings into the planting hole that has been prepared in advance. Location of rose seeds right in the middle of the planting hole, then embankment with compacted soil to the brim as he slowly

d) Flush the soil around plant roots rose up quite wet. Seeds Direct roses will be fresh and grown without withering or break through first.

6.4. Plant Maintenance Weeding

Weeding activities usually in conjunction with fertilization in order to save costs and labor. Wild grass that grows in the ditch / moat between the beds cleaned in order not to become a den of pests and diseases.

Weeding once a month (depending on the growth of weeds), by removing the weeds (weeds) carefully so as not to damage the roots of plants or cleaning with tools kored / hoe.

Fertilization

The type and dose (dosage) of fertilizer is recommended to plant roses of NPK (5-10-5) as much as 5 grams / plant. When fertilized NPK slow shoot growth at the ratio 10:10:5, when the stalk is weak NPK ratio of 5:15:5.

The type and dose of other fertilizers are composed of a mixture of fertilizers: 90-135 kg N plus 400 kg plus 120 kg P2O5 K2O/ha/tahun or equivalent to 200-300 kg plus 840 kg Urea TSP KCL plus 250 kg / ha / year. Based on the results of Horticulture Research Institute (Balitro), a plant cultivated roses need five grams of NPK / tree at planting time or 7-15 days after planting.

Subsequent fertilization continuously once every 3-4 months, depending on the state of plant growth. Dose and type of fertilizer that is recommended is a mixture of nitrogen fertilizer N plus 600 kg 1000 kg P2O5 Phosphate Potassium plus 400 kg K2O/ha/tahun or equivalent to ± 1 350 kg of urea plus TSP KCL 2100 kg plus 800 kg / ha / year. Each time the fertilizer is given 1 / 4 - 1 / 3 dose of 337.5 to 450 kg of urea fertilizer added 525-700 kg of TSP added 100-133 kg of KCl per hectare. Fertilizer should be at the time before flowering, flowering, and after the flowers wither. Ways of fertilizer with the sows in small and shallow paritparit between rows of crops or plants around the canopy, then covered with thin soil and watered immediately until quite wet.

Irrigation and Watering

Irrigation and watering done:

a) In the early phase of growth (around age 1-2 months after planting), carried out continuously every day 1-2 times. The next irrigation was gradually reduced, or depending on the weather and soil type (medium).

b) When a good supply of water in the morning and evening, when the air temperature and water evaporation from the soil is not too high.

c) The method of irrigation is by watering evenly using a tool emrat (yells).

7. Pests and disease

7.1. Pest

1. Aphids (Macrosiphum rosae Linn., Aphids)

Aphids, small, ± 0.6 mm long, green, sometimes winged. Attacked shoots, often attached to twigs and flower buds.

Symptoms:: suck fluids (cell) plant, causing abnormal symptoms, the leaf or shoot so curly / shrink. Can act as vectors of viruses and often leave the sweet honey liquid attached to the leaf surface, thereby becoming the cause of sooty mildew (Capnodium sp.).

Control: maintaining hygiene (sanitation), garden and sprayed insecticide Decis 2.5 EC or 25 EC Buldok, Confidor 200 LC, Curacron 500 EC, 15 EC Fastac at the recommended concentration.

2. Beetle

Three types of beetles, the rose plant invaders: Chafer beetles (Macrodactylis subspinosus), Fuller (Autoserica castanca) and Curculio (Rhyncite bicolor). Chafer beetles are yellowish brown body length of about 12 mm, beetle Fuller grayish brown color, length 10 mm. Curculio beetle red black striped ± 5 mm.

Symptoms:: eat the leaves, stems and flowers, so bolong-bolong/rusak a part that was attacked. Larvae often eat the roots of plants.

Control: to collect and destroy these pests and sprayed with chemical insecticides way Hostathion 40 EC, Decis 2.5 EC, Ambush 2 EC, Elsan 60 EC, and others at the recommended concentration.

3. Snail fur

Body greenish white, ± 12 mm long, covered with coarse hairs.

Symptoms:: at the larval stage, invasive plants by eating the lower leaves that causes the leaves to bone perforated leaves.

Control: eroded cocoons attached to plants, and sprayed with insecticide Brestan 60 (Moluskasida) at the recommended concentration.

4. Mite (Tetranychus telarius)

Similar to the spider mites, very small ± 0.3 mm, red / green / yellow. Reproduce quickly when the weather is humid and hot, and poorly ventilated.

Symptoms:: attacking plants by sucking plant cell fluids, on the leaves / shoots, causing the red dots yellow / gray-brown.

Control: sprayed insecticide-akarisida like ommittee Kelthane 570 EC or EC 200 or EC 200 Meothrin Mitac 50 EC, 50 EC Nissuron and others at the recommended concentration.

5. Thrips

These pests are so small ± 1 mm, color brown kuning-oranye/kuning.

Symptoms:: destroy / suck liquid plant cells, especially flowers, leaves and branches. Enjoys a yellow rose / other bright.

Control: pruning heavily infected parts of the plants and sprayed with insecticide Mesurol 50 WP, Tokuthion 500 EC, the Pegasus 500 SC, Decis 2.5 EC and others at the recommended concentration.

6. Root nematodes (Meloidgyne sp.)

Root nematodes very small size (only visible with a microscope).

Symptoms:: attacking the roots of the rose plant, can penetrate into the stems, causing stunted growth symptoms, sometimes wilt (loss of strength to grow) and there is a rash at the root.

Control: crop rotation, planting media sterilization, and using chemical substances (parasitising kidney): Furadan 3 G, Rugby 10 G or G Indofuran education at planting.

7. Other pests:

a) Caterpillar leaf (Udea rubigalis), attacking the leaves and flower buds that become damaged / perforated-perforated.

Control: sprayed insecticide Hostathion 40 EC, Decis 2.5 EC, Dekasulfan 350 EC, 50 EC or Confidor Nomolt 70 WAS at the recommended concentration.

b) Insects night (Night feeding insect), attacking the leaves and flowers.

Control: sprayed with insecticides used to control the leaf worm.

c) Insect suction plant cells (Leaf hoppers), attacking the leaves until the white spots in a circle.

Control: sprayed with insecticides used to control the leaf worm.

d) Flies (Dasyncura rhodophaga), small body size of 1.2 mm, color brown kemerah-merahan/kekuning-kuningan. Eggs laid on new shoots, after the larvae will destroy / eat the shoots. Larvae drop to the ground, then within one week turned into flies.

Control: Heavily attacked plants destroyed by fire, maintain the cleanliness of the garden, and spraying insecticide Agrohion 50 EC, 50 EC or Ofunack Meothrin 40 EC at the recommended concentration.

e) Ticks stem (Aulacaspis rosae) from the families Coccidae, small size 3 mm,

Symptoms: sucking liquids plant cells, the leaves and stems. Affected part will wither, slowly dried (dead).

Control: prune affected parts of the plants to be destroyed / burned and sprayed with insecticide Decis 2.5 EC, Mitac 200 EC, Monitor 200 LC or Orthene 75 SP at the recommended concentration.
f) a small weevil (Small Carpenter bees), small body size 8 mm long, black-metallic,
Symptoms: hollow out the inside as well as damaging the stem. Plants attacked by the wilt.
Control: cut the plants that were attacked to be burned or sprayed with insecticides: Decis 2.5 EC, 50 EC Atabron, Buldok Bassa 25 EC or 50 EC at the recommended concentration.


7.2. Disease
1. Black spot
Cause: The fungus (mold) Marsonina rosae (Lib.) Lind. ("Black Spot").
Symptoms: leaf spots of concentrated black-toothed edges. Gradually spots ± 1 cm diameter fused, so that leaves the surrounding tissue becomes yellow. Can also occur in the leaf stalk, stem, flower base, petals and flower crown. Be easily attacked by leaf fall. Non-chemical control: pruning diseased parts of plants, and maintain a healthy garden (sanitation).
Chemical control: spraying fungicide which is active barium propineb and Mankozeb at the recommended concentration.
2. Leaf rust
Cause: The fungus (mold) Phragmidium mucronatum (Pers. ex Pr.) Schlecht.
Symptoms: orange spots reddish on the underside of the leaves, on the side of the leaf spots are angular reddish color. Heavily infected leaves that will be easy to fall (fall). Non-chemical control: cutting / trimming sick leaves were destroyed.
Chemical control: spraying fungicide which is active barium Zineb or Maneb at the recommended concentration.
3. Powder Mildew
Cause: The fungus Oidium sp.
Symptoms: There flour / white coating on the surface of the lower and upper leaves. Leaves / plant parts are affected will change color from green to reddish, gradually kekuningkuningan and eventually the leaves fall off quickly (autumn).
Non-chemical control: pluck the leaves are attacked to be destroyed and maintain a healthy garden (sanitation).
Chemical control: Sulfur fungicide sprayed, or containing the active ingredient Pirazifos.
4. Swollen stem base
Cause: The bacterium Agrobacterium tumefacien (EF Sm et Town.) Conn.
Symptoms: swelling at the base of the stem near the soil surface, so the plants become stunted and eventually die.
Non-chemical control: remove diseased plants to be destroyed and when the plant maintenance (pruning), using scissors to cut a clean and sterile.
Chemical Control: sprayed by barium active bactericide Streptomycin or Oksitetrasikin.
5. Mosaic (piebald)
Causes: viruses (Rose mosaic virus) (Rose mosaic virus).
Symptoms: leaf yellowing and piebald, the bones of their leaves like nets.
Control: healthy planting, maintenance intensive crops, spraying insecticides to control insect vectors, and unpack (eradication) of sick plants to be destroyed to prevent spread to other plants.
6. Leaf spot
Cause: The two pathogens, namely fungus Cercospora rosicola Pass. and Alternaria sp.
Symptoms: cercospora attack brown spots on older leaves, whereas Alternaria blotch blackish color.
Control nonkimiawi: cut / pluck the leaves are a pain to be destroyed and maintain a healthy garden (sanitation).
Chemical control: spraying fungicide containing the active ingredient of Copper (Cu).
7. Mushrooms poison
Cause: The fungus Corticium salmonicolor (Berk. et Br.) Tjokr.
Symptoms: There are red crust on the trunk, and slowly the stem will rot and die.
Control nonkimiawi: peel the skin and curry plant part is sick, then smeared paint / tar, can also cut the stems at the same time a severe infection.
Chemical control: spraying fungicide which is active barium Tridemorf.
8. Decay rate
Cause: The fungus Botrytis cinerea Pers. Fr.
Symptoms: flower bulbs that have been opened in brown rot, and nod-black nodules.
Control nonkimiawi: start blooming flowers wrapped with wax paper bags or plastic and post-harvest handling of flowers as possible.
Chemical control: spraying fungicide which is active barium benomyl.
9. Physiological diseases
Cause: nutrient deficiency (deficiency), lack of nitrogen, Phosfor, and Potassium.
Symptoms: nitrogen deficiency causes leaf color hujau-young (pale) yellow and the plant growth became slower (dwarf). Phosfor deficiency causes plants to become thin and stunted, while the less potassium leaves to dry out along the edge / rim.
Control: a balanced fertilizer, especially the element of N, P2O5, and K2O fertilizers or sprayed leaves high haranya elemental content in accordance with the symptoms of deficiency.


8. P A N E N

8.1. Flowering Plant traits and Age
The characteristics of roses ready to be picked (harvested) for the purpose as a cut flower: flower flowers full bloom and not a normal size. For the purpose of defloration sow flowers on stage after full bloom.
The ideal harvest time is morning or late afternoon (when the air temperature and evaporation of water is not too high). In several centers of cut flower producers do the plucking roses at night.
8.2. How To Picking Flowers
How to harvest roses is to cut the flower stalk at the bottom (base) or is included with several leaf stalks. Cutting tools roses can be a knife or scissors to cut sharp, clean and sterile.
8.3. Harvest Period
Rose plants from cuttings or seed grafting can be harvested at the age of 4-5 months after planting depending on variety and fertility or growth. This disposal will be productive for years 3-5 years range.
8.4. Production Forecast
Rose plants cultivated intensively than species / varieties can produce 120000-280000 bud / hectare / year. This production level depends on rose varieties, soil fertility, distance and level of care for plants in the garden.

9. POST HARVEST

9.1. Collection
1) The collection of postharvest cut flower roses:
a) Collect the flowers immediately after harvest and enter into a container (bucket) containing clean water. The position of the flower stalk is set under water.
b) Transport the entire harvest to the collection points to facilitate the subsequent handling.

2) The collection of roses Postharvest sow:
Collect flowers freshly picked roses in a container (plastic baskets, winnowing / bucket of clean water).

9.2. Sorting and grading
1) Sort of damaged flower, wither and rot separated individually.
2) Classify according to type of flower, flower size, flower stem length and flower color of the uniform. Classification based on long flower stalks are separated into two grades. Grade A flower with a stem length of more than 60 cm, grade B stem length of less than 60 cm.

9.3. Storage
1) To cut flower roses, flower store that has been packed into the room-temperature storage (cold storage) with a stable 90% relative humidity.
2) To sow roses, save it in a place / room shady, cool, moist, and good air circulation.

9.4. Packaging and Transportation
1) Tie the flowers that have been classified and incorporated into a bond-bond. Each bond contains 20 flower stalks.
2) Pack the flowers had ties into the baskets / boxes of cardboard and good air circulation.
3) Transport of roses to the place of the target market.
4) Cover pangkai flower stalks with damp cotton or enter into a plastic bottle of water, primarily for the purpose of long-distance shipping.
5) Add the crushed ice around the container (container) rose to the condition of conveyance sufficient room cool and moist.